Extinction of Species .ORG

Sun-bleached skeletons of long-dead whitebark pine trees stand at the top of a 7,200-foot-high ridge along the Reservation Divide on the Flathead Indian Reservation, Montana. With annual average temperatures in Montana rising, the whitebark pine that were not previously threatened are now facing an increase in blister rust infections, mountain pine beetle infestations and wildfire.

Stretching from British Columbia, Canada down to parts of California and east to Montana, live the whitebark pine. The tree grows in subalpine and timberline zones — elevations anywhere from 4,000 to almost 9,000 ft. It's an unforgiving space. The wind is harsh. Plants and animals confront sub-freezing temperatures, often until summertime.

The whitebark pine has historically thrived in these lands. But today, the tree species is in trouble. So much so that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed the whitebark pine as a threatened species in December 2022. Increased fire intensity from climate change and colonial fire suppression practices, infestation by mountain pine beetles and a deadly fungus called blister rust — they're collectively killing this tree.

Losing whitebark pine on the landscape does not mean just losing one type of tree. It's a keystone species, meaning it has a large, outsized impact on its ecosystem. The tree provides habitat to small animals, shelter for larger ones and food for local fauna like birds and bears. Historically, the seeds have been a first food for local Indigenous peoples such as the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes. The tree also provides shade, slowing glacial melt that would otherwise flood the valleys below.

Researchers like ShiNaasha Pete are working to restore the tree. ShiNaasha is a reforestation forester and head of the whitebark pine program for the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes in northwestern Montana. They hope to successfully grow a new generation of trees that are naturally resistant at least to the blister rust fungus. It is a labor-intensive effort and it will take decades to see the full effect. "Our main goal is just to constantly, continuously plant as many seedlings as we can in hopes that the ones that we are planting have a genetic resistance to this fungus," says Pete. In some spots, the population of the tree has already plummeted by 90 percent.  "I'm hoping that these younger generations are listening and hear what we're trying to share and the importance of it and that they'll continue it," ruminates ShiNaasha. "That's what I look forward to and that's what I know — that it'll pay off and that whitebark will still be there."